91免费永久在-91免费永久在线地址-91免费在-91免费在线-91免费在线观看-91免费在线观看视频-91免费在线看-91免费在线看片-91免费在线视-91免费在线视频

abrangente

The World War Two bomber that cost more than the atomic bomb

vaxjynv

16 Sep 2025(atualizado 16/09/2025 às 08h52)

The Boeing B-29 was the most advanced bomber of World War Two, and more expensive to design and buil

Temas

Compartilhe

Mudan?as climáticas fazem jovens adotar nova forma de consumo Consumo consciente Valor Econ?mico.txtThe World War Two bomber that cost more than the atomic bomb

The World War Two bomber that cost more than the atomic bomb

The concurso 5133 quinaBoeing B-29 was the most advanced bomber of World War Two, and more expensive to design and build than the atomic bombs it dropped. It also helped influence the airliners we fly on today.

It was two years before Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbour dragged the United States into the war. But the US Army Air Corps was looking for a new bomber aircraft. What they were after was a "superbomber", capable of flying up to 2,000 miles (3,200km) at a time and at altitudes never achieved before.

The aircraft they got would go on to drop the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and ultimately bring an end to World War Two. It would also pave the way for a civil aviation boom that led to the everyday air travel we have today.

This is the story of how an aircraft that cost more than the entire Manhattan project – the B-29 Superfortress – changed the world.

It was January 1940 when the US Army Air Corps (USAAC) approached five American aircraft companies with the request to build a bomber bigger than anything the world had ever seen. Although the US was yet to enter the Second World War, in Europe it was already raging: Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union had only months earlier invaded Poland and divided it between them. The US knew it was a matter of time before it might be dragged in.

The aircraft the USAAC wanted would have to fly further and higher than any aircraft that had yet been built. That turned out to be an enormous challenge, even for the world's biggest industrial nation.

Two of the companies approached, Douglas and Lockheed, soon abandoned work on their submissions due to the problem it posed. Boeing, however, had a head start, having begun work on a design as a private project a few years earlier.

Boeing's XB-29 design eventually won the USAAC's competition, but it would be another four years before the aircraft that became known as the B-29 Superfortress entered service.

It was the most expensive and complex industrial project US industry had ever undertaken and would not be surpassed until the space programmes in the 1950s and 1960s. And it pushed aviation technology almost to the limit.

The B-29 project became the most expensive of the entire war – costing nearly 50% more than the Manhattan Project that built the world's first atomic bombs. In today's money the aircraft, from design to completion, cost the equivalent of $55.6bn (£41.2bn).

The bombers that Boeing and other plane makers built for the first few years of World War Two tended to carry out their missions above 20,000ft (6km). The higher you fly, the longer you can fly, because the air is less dense, but it presented the crews inside the planes with many challenges.

"You have to be on oxygen the whole time," says Hattie Hearn, the curator of the American Air Museum in Duxford in the UK. "Within two minutes of not being on oxygen you probably lose consciousness, and that was a real common thing that air crew had to had to consider. They had to have electrically heated flying suits, all this other gear which is going to be impeding movement. Very cumbersome, if you had to escape, for example. Often you could get too hot, and then that would again impede how you operated, if you're sweating, and then suddenly that sweat freezes."

Conditions were bad enough at 20,000ft. At 30,000ft, the height the B-29 needed to fly, they would be even worse.

Boeing turned to a promising new concept: pressurisation. This meant the plane's cabin had the same air pressure and oxygen content you would find on the ground – which meant crew didn't have to fly with oxygen masks. The air would be pulled out of the engines, cooled, purified and then pumped into the crew compartments. It could also be reheated so the crew didn't have to wear bulky flight suits.

The technology had been under development since the 1920s, but the concept was still relatively experimental. The B-29 would become both the first bomber aircraft and the first mass-produced aircraft to be pressurised.

"Allowing a crew to operate in light flight suits, because the compartments are heated, that allows them to take these long missions in a much more hospitable way," says Jeremy Kinney, a curator at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum in Washington DC.

Pressurising the aircraft's entire hull would be both difficult and expensive. Instead, Boeing devised three separate pressurised compartments for the B-29's 11-person crew. The first compartment in the nose of the aircraft housed the pilot, co-pilot, bomb aimer, navigator, radio operator and flight engineer – the latter responsible for monitoring the airplane's four enormous, temperamental engines. Between the first and second crew compartments – and above the first of the plane's massive bomb bays – was a tunnel that the crew members could crawl through. The middle compartment, where the gunners and radar operator worked, even had a chemical toilet and some bunks to nap on.

"There were some risks involved," cautions Hearn. "If you suddenly had a loss of pressure and you're in the tunnel moving between the different cabins, you could be shot out pretty much as fast as a bullet, which is a bit of a worry."

The high speed of attacking planes in World War Two meant gunners often only had a split second to pick a target, especially if they were approaching from the front. In 1944, fighters were getting faster. The B-29's pressurised compartments let designers think outside the box, and they came up with a novel concept: remote-controlled turrets.

Gunners no longer had to point the guns themselves, hoping for a lucky hit as fighters flashed by at hundreds of miles an hour. Instead, a new fire-control system calculated the gunners' aim using a radar that could account for both air temperature and bullet drop. It was the first time an aircraft had a gunsight that wasn't actually physically connected to the gun it is firing. The master gunner could even take over control of certain guns if one of the gunners was incapacitated.

"It's the last major system in which all the different angles and approaches to the aircraft are covered with guns," says Kinney. When the B-29 was no longer in danger of being attacked, the turrets could be pulled back into the aircraft to reduce drag.

The aircraft's other innovations included three sets of wheels – called tricycle landing gear – which are commonplace on airliners today.

The B-29's long missions at great heights meant the aircraft needed four very powerful engines. The designers turned to an 18-cylinder behemoth built by engine maker Wright called the R-3350 Duplex Cyclone.

In order to cut down the amount of drag, the designers made the engine housing more aerodynamic. But this starved some the R-3350's rear cylinders of air needed to cool down properly and made engine fires more likely.

The engine issues didn't take long to make themselves evident; the aircraft's first flight in December 1942 had to be cut short after one of the four engines caught fire. Worse was to come. In February 1943, the second prototype, flown by Boeing's chief test pilot Edmund T Allen, crashed near Seattle due to an engine fire, killing all 11 crew, 20 workers in a meat processing plant and a firefighter.

"The idea of the air-cooled radial engine is being pushed to its limit by the time it's installed in the B-29," says Kinney.

The radial, air-cooled R-3350 would later go on to power some of the first successful post-war airliners, but only after some serious refinement.

The B-29's engines were far from the only problem. Getting the aircraft into production was a gargantuan industrial project, requiring four separate giant factories across the US. Hordes of new aircraft construction workers had to be hired, many of whom had never built aircraft before, says Kinney. The scale and pace overwhelmed Boeing, especially at their factory in Wichita, Kansas, which was making the planes for the first B-29 bombing group.

One of the USAAC's top generals, Hap Arnold, was told to find a solution. Arnold visited Wichita in January 1944 and told factory bosses that he wanted 175 bombers ready by March. Not a single one was ready two months later.

The bombers had been built by hand because the factory was also making other aircraft on the assembly line, and the B-29s differed in hundreds of tiny details. No B-29 in those first batches weighed exactly the same, a worrying state for such a highly complicated aircraft. Only 20% of the "finished" aircraft could be flown out of the factory. Badly fitted windows and observation panels bled air or were distorted, and many electrical plugs in the plane's 16km (10 miles) of wiring didn't work properly.

Arnold set in place a rescue effort that became known as "The Battle of Kansas", bringing in experienced aircraft builders from other factories to oversee the work. The B-29s were stripped down and rebuilt so they were fit to fly. The work included fixing 568,000 electrical plugs and making dozens of changes to the aircraft's engines.

Arnold's plan worked, and after five weeks gruelling work, the first B-29s took off for the long flights to their new bases in south-western China to be used against Japan.

The B-29 had entered service in a little over three years since design work began. "It's very quick, even for World War Two standards," says Kinney. Just the pressurisation technology alone should have taken five years to develop.

The first B-29s were flown from a base behind Allied lines in China's Chengdu province.

The B-29 was only ever used in the Pacific, as shorter-ranged bombers were deemed enough to continue the war on Germany. Most B-29s flew their missions from Pacific Island bases that got ever-closer to Japan.

Flying them from these humid, makeshift air bases, such as those in the Marianas in the middle of the vast tropical ocean, was supremely difficult. One former flight engineer, Fred Carl Gardner, recounted the effort on a website published in the early 2000s. Part of his job was to monitor the engine temperatures, scanning gauges with "red-lines" where the temperature became too hot. "On a hot day, I would watch those temperatures climb past the red-line to the very limit of the gauge," he wrote. "I had no idea how hot those cylinder heads got."

Pilots would retract the B-29's landing gear as quickly as they could to reduce the strain on the engines, but after take-off, the B-29s had to fly for miles at lower power so the engines didn't catch fire.

One of the most controversial missions B-29s carried out – months before the atomic bombs were used – was the indiscriminate bombing of Japanese cities, using incendiary bombs that quickly set alight wooden houses.

The loss of life was shocking. The B-29 raid on Tokyo on the night of 9 March 1945 is thought to have killed as many as 100,000 people, making it more destructive than either of the atomic bombs that were to follow.

After World War Two, B-29 continued to fly as bomber within the newly created US Air Force (USAF) in Korea in the early 1950s. It also took up other roles, including being one of the first air-to-air tankers, which could refuel other aircraft in flight. "The B-29 is the [perfect] platform for that right. It's big. It has these two big bomb bays you can convert to carrying fuel," says Kinney.

As the Cold War deepened in the 1950s, the US and its Allies discovered that some B-29s that crashed in the Soviet Union after their missions over Japan had been used to help the USSR develop their own atomic bomber – a reverse-engineered copy of the B-29 called the Tupolev Tu-4. It was a Tu-4 that dropped the bomb in the first Soviet nuclear test, and represented the biggest nuclear threat to the West in the 1950s.

The B-29's effect as a terrifying weapon was without doubt. Kinney says that the B-29 had other, more benign influence in the years after World War II.

Boeing had built a large aircraft almost completely out of aluminium, with a high-aspect wing (long and narrow so that it reduces drag) big enough to fit four engines, and had brought aircraft pressurisation from a promising experiment to mass production. It represents perhaps the zenith of the propellor-driven aircraft before the era of jet engines began to take over.

"The B-29 is the most advanced propeller-driven airplane in the world in 1945, it encompasses all of those innovations," says Kinney. These innovations that would lead to the dawn of a new era of civil aviation.

The B-29 was used as the foundation for the 377 Stratocruiser, Boeing's first large airliner with a pressurised cabin. It was able to carry 100 passengers and hints at the larger airliners that followed in the 1950s. "At the time, Pan American World Airways is staking its future, no longer on flying boats, but, tricycle-landing-gear, propeller-driven airliners," says Kinney. He says one of their most famous posters at the time is of a Stratocruiser and the Eiffel Tower, showing that people can board an aircraft in the US and step off in Europe. "This idea of that becoming, you know, a global network of aviation routes, what international airlines are going to be. It starts with them."

The B-29 has also had effects on the ground, too. "By virtue of the World War Two being a global war, that's when you start having around the world paved runways, paved airfields." The runways built for the B-29 are especially long, as the aircraft needed about 1.6km (one mile) to take off. These long runways would help lay the foundations of a global airport network for the civil aviation boom of the 1950s, says Kinney.

Of the nearly 4,000 B-29s built in the 1940s, only 22 survive today, including two examples still flying at airshows in the US.

One of only two outside the US sits inside the Imperial War Museum's American Air Museum at the former RAF airbase at Duxford in Cambridgeshire, UK. The aircraft is called It's Hawg Wild, with a cartoon of an aggressive wild pig on its side. It flew dozens of combat missions not in World War Two, but in the Korean War a few years later.

It's Hawg Wild was flown from the US in 1980, after the plane had been lying for years in the Arizona desert, says Hearn. The museum had been looking for an example to exhibit, and learned of a discarded plane that was sitting in a "boneyard" of surplus aircraft in Tucson, Arizona. "But the big problem was getting it here. This aircraft hadn't flown for at least 20 years, and it was very big to have to dismantle and then ship over," says Hearn.

A contractor offered to bring the aircraft back into flying service, so it could be flown to the UK under its own power. The long flight was a major logistical exercise. The plane first had to be restored just enough so that it could be flown from Tucson to a US Navy base called China Lake in California, where more serious restoration work could be carried out before the B-29 was able to carry out the flight.

"Amazingly, it still had the dust from the desert on it," says Hearn.

"It seemed to be quite a risky, risky prospect, so the motorway was closed when it landed [at Duxford]. You definitely wouldn't get away with that nowadays," says Hearn.

The B-29 is a huge plane, especially compared to the other World War Two aircraft it shares space with at the museum. The tip of the B-29's giant tail fin is as tall as a three-story building.

More like this:

? The forgotten fighter which also saved Britain

? The pilot who stole a secret Soviet jet

? The spyplane still flying 65 years on

Walking around the aircraft with Hearn, it's easy to see how the aircraft was such a leap forward from aircraft from only a few years before. Outside the museum sits a B-17 Flying Fortress, thousands of which flew from airbases in the UK during the war. You can see the two gun positions on the side where the gunners – swathed in bulky flight suits – pointed machine guns into the open air in temperatures as low as -50C (-58F). The B-29 seems like a spaceship in comparison. On It's Hawg Wild you can see the "blisters", the bulging circular panels that the aircraft's crew could look out of, that resemble something from a submarine; the benefits of pressurisation.

The B-29 "just really shows you what can happen in the crucible of conflict, how technological advances could happen so quickly", says Hearn. "The B-29 is kind of the grandfather of modern-day aviation, I think."

The B-29 is an aircraft of two faces – a formidable war machine that played its part in humanity's most destructive moments, but also a masterpiece of innovation that shaped modern air travel and helped to shrink the world.

* The Boeing B-29 photographed at Imperial War Museum Duxford is on loan from the?National Naval Aviation Museum at Pensacola, Florida.

--

If you liked this story,?sign up for The Essential List newsletter?– a handpicked selection of features, videos and can't-miss news, delivered to your inbox twice a week.

For more science, technology, environment and health stories from the BBC, follow us on?Facebook?and?Instagram.

Copyright 2025 BBC. All rights reserved. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites.?Read about our approach to external linking.

NEWSLETTER GRATUITA

Nexo | Hoje

The rise of the giant hailstones.txt

Motorista embriagado é preso ao tentar atropelar agente de transito e fugir de blitz.txt ponto quente e os lazer moda.

GRáFICOS

nos eixos

Staff_shake-up_as_Staffordshire_child_services_need_improvement.txt

Morre Silvio Tendler, um dos maiores documentaristas brasileiros, aos 75 anos Eu & Valor Econ?mico.txt enciclopédia e os enciclopédia foco.

Navegue por temas

Moment 'air scooter' fails Channel crossing attempt.txt Movimento na periferia de SP busca Instituto Federal para 1,5 mi de pessoas.txt Mudan?a climática prejudica manejo de pirarucu COP16-Biodiversidade Valor Econ?mico.txt Monsoon Why rains have been so deadly in India this year.txt Mitchum_apologises_after_deodorant_left_users_with_itchy_burning_armpits.txt Moeda de ouro de 2,2 mil anos com imagem de rainha egípcia é achada em escava??o de parque em Israel.txt Ministra alem? viaja ao Brasil para aproximar rela??o diplomática.txt Miss?o Betano: R$20 em aposta grátis nas oitavas da Copa do Brasil.txt Miss?o Betano: R$20 em aposta grátis nas oitavas da Copa do Brasil.txt Mineradora busca prática responsável na Amaz?nia Minera??o Valor Econ?mico.txt
毛片在线网址 | 一区二区三区在线看 | 亚洲一区二区女搞男 | 马车上 h 肉 文 | 国产精品第100页 | 狼人 成人 综合 亚洲 | 色妺妺网| 美妇岳妇的肉泬目录 | 久久精品国产99国产精偷 | 正在播放国产精品 | 国产精品亚洲AV色欲一区二区三区 | 日韩精品视频免费观看 | 高清自拍亚洲精品二区 | 91.com在线观看| 日日干日日草 | 黄a免费 | 2020最新无码国产在线视频 | 益日韩欧群交P片内射中文 樱花草无码专区日本 | 又大又爽又硬的曰皮视频 | 中文字幕日韩在线观看 | 精品亚洲卡一卡2卡三卡乱码 | 影888午夜理论不卡 樱井莉亚快播 | 小黄鸭app下载安装无限看丝瓜安卓苏州 | 啊灬啊别停灬用力啊动态图 | 亚洲 另类 春色 小说 | 天天干天天干天天操 | 国产亚洲精品久久久999蜜臀 | 日韩不卡一卡二卡3卡四卡2021免费 | 国产精品久久人妻无码A片 国产精品久久欧美一区 | 久久精品免视着国产成人 | 西瓜精品国产自在现线 | 2020国自产拍精品天天更新 | 色婷婷在线观看视频 | 插鸡网站在线播放免费观看 | 人人澡 人人澡 人人看欧美 | 97蜜桃| 99久久香蕉国产综合影院 | 亚洲日韩在线视频 | 欧美特级午夜一区二区三区 | 色综合久久久久久 | 亚洲欧美在线观看 | 亚洲欧洲日本国产专区一区 | 日本高清不卡中文字幕 | 一本色道久久爱88A 一本色道久久爱88AV | 3d动漫精品一区视频在线观看 | 午色影院 | 国精视频一区二区视频 | 黄色特级一级片 | 这里是九九伊人 | 99精品久久久久久 | 国产AV亚洲精品久久久久软件 | 午夜免费观看视频 | 国产黄色a三级三级三级 | 品色堂最新 | 亚洲入口 | 一级全黄毛片 | 琪琪色原网 | 99九九热| 三级专区| 影视先锋男人无码在线 | 天天操天天曰 | 国产人妻人伦又粗又大爽歪歪 | 99免费在线视频 | 久久久久国产精品免费网站 | 九九在线视频 | 精品久久久久久无码不卡 | 国产成人久久精品 | 大量国产激情视频在线观看 | 欧美草比| 国产又粗又黄又爽的A片精华 | 啊灬啊别停灬用力啊免费看 | 亚洲精品无码一区二区三区四虎 | 亚洲第一成人无码A片 | 国产一级黄色 | 免费观看又色又爽又黄的校园 | 日本毛茸茸 | 人妻少妇系列在线观看 | 天天干天天添 | 欧亚乱熟女一区二区在线 | .精品久久久麻豆国产精品 0855午夜福利伦理电影 | 极品销魂一区二区三区 | 亚洲毛片在线 | 最新亚洲一区二区三区四区 | 波多野结衣一区二区三区在线观看 | 怡红院成人在线 | 亚洲色无码A片一区二区潘甜甜 | 在线免费观看黄色网址 | 亚洲黄色网址 | 一级黄毛片 | 免费二区| 亚洲欧洲视频一区 | 久久亚洲国产高清 | 色情综合另类小说图片 | 在线最新版www资源网 | 免费无码又爽又黄又刺激网站 | 丁香人妻| 天天躁日日躁aaaaxxxx | 一级做a爱过程免费视频超级 | 欧美性生交大片免费看A片免费 | 嫩草欧美曰韩国产大片 | XL上司在线完整版无马赛克 | 忘忧草社区在线日本韩国电影 | 男女无遮挡猛进猛出免费观看视频 | 91精品小视频 | 爱啪网亚洲第一福利网站 | 精品四虎国产在免费观看 | 日韩人妻无码精品A片免费不卡 | 高清在线精品一区二区 | 狠狠色丁香婷婷久久综合 | 亚洲精品国产第一区第二区 | 国产在线看片免费视频 | 欧美另类性 | 一百款流氓软件免费下载安装 | 国产精品页 | 久久国产乱子精品免费女 | 清冷将军被C把腿张开NP产 | 丰满在线 | 久久精品国产99久久99久久久 | 琪琪热码在线中文字幕 | 色翁荡熄又大又硬又粗又视频软件 | 六月丁香婷婷综合 | 色网免费| 欧美美女一区二区三区 | 欧美风情第一页 | 新超碰97在线观人人澡 | 啊轻点灬大JI巴又大又粗A片 | 中国 韩国 日本 免费看 | 亚洲精品做爰无码片麻豆 | 欧美成熟毛茸茸复古 | 国产精品成人免费综合 | 摸摸美女全身 | 扛起老师雪白双腿进入小说 | 涩涩免费视频软件 | 国产护士一区二区三区 | 亚洲自偷自拍另类图片二区 | 日韩色情无码免费A片 | 亚洲丁香婷婷综合久久小说 | 一本色道久久爱88AV俺也去 | 欧美 亚洲 中文 国产 综合 | 长篇肉戏香艳完本小说排行榜 | 白浊怀孕H白浊总受男男H | 80电影天堂网香蕉视频 | 日本中文字幕网 | 自拍视频一区 | 免费国产黄色片 | 78av| 亚洲一级毛片视频 | 亚洲 欧美 制服 | 老师的兔子好软水好多无弹窗 | 黄色网址在线播放 | 国产资源视频 | 欧美激情啪啪 | 99re最新地址精品视频 | 日本韩国视频在线观看 | 国产色情无码永久免费软件 | 亚洲人精品亚洲人成在线 | 纯肉合集(高H) | 性一交一乱一乱A片AP88 | 欧美乱妇高清正版在线观看 | 精品欧美日韩一区二区三区 | 国产亚洲精品久久久久婷婷瑜伽 | 色一伦一情一区二区三区 | 性日韩精品 | 国产一区二区三区A片在表 国产一区二区影院大全 | 一本久道久综合久久鬼色 | 4k电影网 | 边做边爱完整版免费视频播放 | 免费看毛片的网址 | 国产欧美日韩一区二区三区在线 | 日韩毛片网 | 女人把腿张开叫男人桶免费视频 | 久久青草国产手机看片福利盒子 | 日韩精品视频免费 | 日本免费一曲二曲三曲 | 波多野结衣办公室33分jian情 | 黄页网站 | 99久久这里只精品国产免费 | 亚洲欧美视频 国内自拍 | 99久久精品免费看国产一区二区三区 | 午夜毛片视频高清不卡免费 | 天天色天天射综合网 | 中文线码中文高清播放中 | 国产精品久久久亚洲第一牛牛 | 四虎影在线在永久观看 | 污网站在线免费看 | 精品亚洲一区二区三区在线播放 | 国产成人精品日本亚洲网址 | 亚洲欧美日韩精品久久亚洲区 | 色哟哟免费精品网站入口 | 我要看免费一级毛片 | 免费一级成人免费观看 | 国产 日韩 欧美 高清 亚洲 | 日本免费网站观看 | 满天星电影在线观看完整免费 | 久久久久国产精品免费看 | 丰满的女邻居在线观看 | 亚洲免费视频费观看在线 | 日本少妇BBW丰满做爰 | 黄色毛片网 | 一级毛片免费在线 | 攻把受做得合不拢腿play | 诱人的女邻居9中文观看 | 亚洲婷婷综合网 | 国产精品免费大片一区二区 | 99热99操99射| 色久视频| 日韩精品一区二区在线观看 | 久久99精品久久只有精品 | 精品一二三区久久AAA片 | 中文字幕va一区二区三区 | 日本高清一区二区三区无码 | 国产精品免费视频能看 | 青草电影院 | 国产第一草草影院 | 精品精品国产自在久久高清 | 99久久免费看国产精品 | 亚洲欧美日韩国产制服另类 | 久久成人国产精品一区二区 | 亚洲欧美成人综合久久久 | 国产经典哔哩哔哩 | 日本国产一区二区三区 | 最新激情网站 | 欧美成人免费在线观看 | 一本一道日韩一二三四区免费 | 不良女警免费看 | 久久精品免费视频观看 | 免费的性L交A片Y | 亚洲AV成人一区二区三区啪啪 | 99久久精品国产一区二区成人 | 高潮影院 | 韩国三级日本三级香港三级黄 | 亚洲成AV人片一区二区不卡 | 被黑人强到高潮喷水A片 | 强奷乱码欧妇女中文字幕熟女 | 国自产拍偷拍精品啪啪AV | 新版天堂中文资源官网 | 国产精品国产精品国产三级普 | 国产又黄又爽又色的免费APP | 刘可颖AV | 亚洲色欲色欲WWW在线成人网 | 午夜高清视频在线观看 | 一女多男np高辣文h 一女多男nP现代高H | 欧美精品hdvideosex4k | 麻豆A片爽爽歪歪爽爽视频看看 | 99视频在线播放 | 青草网址 | 免费黄色资源 | 日韩免费高清视频 | 伦理高清百度影音 | 亚洲精品久久久无码一区二区 | 国产午睡沙发客厅25分钟 | 日本三级带日本三级带黄国产 | 国模欢欢高清炮交图片 | 涩涩快播 | 在线精品国精品国产不卡 | 在线看片成人免费视频 | 北川瞳下马作品 | 中文字日产幕码三区的做法大全 | 18女下面流水不遮网站免费 | 最近最新中文字幕免费高清1 | 国产精品不卡在线观看 | 一个人看的www的视频免费 | 久久精品国产亚洲AV影院 | 欧美做人爱A毛片 | 无码人妻国产精品久久 | 亚洲一区自拍高清亚洲精品 | 波多野结衣33分钟办公室jian情 | 成人欧美一区二区三区白人 | 成年黄网站色视频免费观看 | 国产妇女视频 | 成人乱码一区二区三区A片 成人乱人乱一区二区三区 成人区人妻精品一区二欧美毛片 | 久久99国产精品一区二区 | 色播四房间 | 亚洲欧美日韩在线观看一区二区三区 | 亚洲牝户毛茸茸 | 成人久久18免费软件 | 亚洲天堂91 | 激情A片久久久久久久 | 国产青草视频 | 中文字幕国产日韩 | 91视频久久 | 亚洲激情在线 | 香蕉成人啪国产精品视频综合网 | 欧洲VIDEOS重口变态深 | 日本-区一区二区三区A片 | 色播五月激情五月 | 中日韩一卡二卡三卡四卡在线观看 | 开心色99xxxx开心色 | 日本波多野结衣在线 | 精品视频在线观看 | 亚洲黄色网络 | 性色AV爽歪歪啪啪A片 | 97视频在线观看播放 | 樱花树下未删减在线观看 | 乱色精品无码一区二区国产盗 | yellow字幕中文在线观看 | 日本三级黄色网址 | 色婷婷六月亚洲婷婷丁香 | 无码日本少妇舒爽视频 | 日韩经典AV在线观看 | 午夜视频在线网站 | 色天天久久 | 3d肉蒲团快播种子 | 房奴试爱MBA| 国产亚洲精品久久久久小 | 日韩视频国产 | 无图 亚洲 欧美 偷拍 | 亚洲区中文字幕在线不卡电影 | 色99久久久久高潮综合影院 | 国产精品免费网站 | 小h片在线观看 | 91天堂在线视频 | 黄色片网站在线观看 | 日本一区免费看 | 2020国产精品亚洲综合网 | 久久久久久久97 | 亚洲国产一区二区三区四区色欲 | 国产视频最新 | 五月天婷婷激情视频 | 99久久精品国产免看国产一区 | 波多野结无码高清中文 | 麻豆精品一区二正一三区 | 色综合天天 | 综合在线视频精品专区 | 4虎最新 | 成人福利免费观看体验区 | 国产精品一区二555 国产精品野外AV久久久 | 国产精品久久国产三级国不卡顿 | 亚欧洲精品在线视频免费观看 | 天堂网www在线中文天堂 | 色情AB又爽又紧无码网站 | 国产精品免费网站 | 日韩欧美精品在线 | 外国成人网址 | 97碰在线看片免费视频 | 日韩丝袜亚洲国产欧美一区 | 欧美色乱 | 欧美产品与亚洲日韩视频 | 久久亚洲精品AV无码四区 | 国内自拍第一页 | 99re热这里只有精品视频 | 美女毛片儿 | 日本a级片视频 | 在线va无卡无码高清 | 午夜少妇在线观看视频 | 高清国产免费观看视频在线 | 黄色三级网站在线观看 | 久久亚洲国产成人亚 | 奇米777在线视频 | 亚洲色婷婷免费视频 | 国产目拍亚洲精品一区 | 色婷婷网 | 国产精品99久久99久久久看片 | 中国内谢 | 九九视频在线观看视频6 | 国产日本高清免费视频在线观看 | 青青青国产手机在线播放 | 爽天天天天天天天 | 最近更新中文字幕版 | 亚洲精品国偷拍自产在线观看蜜臀 | 高潮娇喘抽搐A片无码黄 | 色-情-乱-交-二三区视频 | 美女狠狠干| 免费黄色资源 | 欧美亚洲丝袜 | 97任你碰任你摸任你爽 | 久草丁香 | 国产亚洲日本精品无码电影 | 黄色免费网址大全 | 日韩不卡一卡二卡3卡四卡2021免费 | 久久AV无码乱码A片无码蜜桃 | av色图| 精品国产乱码久久久软件下载 | 国产综合久久久久久鬼色 | WWW成人国产高清内射 | 六月丁香在线视频 | 午夜成人A片精品视频免费观看 | bbbbbbbbb毛片视频 | 高H高肉强J短篇NP | 老师我好爽再深一点好舒 | 精品国产人妻一区二区三区免费 | 日本高清在线观看视频www | 欧美激情 亚洲 在线 | 囯产精品一品二区三区 | 国产69精品久久久久久人妻精品 | 亚洲色婷婷久久精品AV蜜桃 | 国产嫖妓一区二区三区无码 | 中文字幕色综合久久 | 农村岳用嘴帮我口 | 免费大片黄在线现看国语 | 亚洲乱码卡3卡4卡新区 | 国产精品AV国片偷人妻麻豆 | 色欲AV久久一区二区三区 | 国产精品免费视频能看 | 樱花草在线社区www日本视频 | 秋霞在线观看视频一区二区三区 | 国产无遮挡成人免费视频网站 | 成人黄网大全在线观看 | 国产h片在线观看 | 黄大片a级免色 | 白莲花乖腿打开h调教 | 欧美日韩乱妇高清免费 | 日丰满肉唇大屁股熟妇图片 | 五月丁香六月综合缴清无码 | 亚洲熟女乱色综合一区小说 | 乱系列140章肉艳1一12 | 久久精品2021国产 | 久久无码潮喷A片无码高潮 久久丫精品忘忧草西安品 久久艳务乳肉豪妇荡乳A片 | 亚洲一卡久久4卡5卡6卡7卡 | 光根电影院理论片午夜 | 久青草免费在线视频 | 蜜桃99| BT7086福利二区最新 | 色偷偷色偷偷色偷偷在线视频 | 色搜网站 | 麻豆国产一区二区三区四区 | www.久操| 国产精品你懂得 | 国产第一草草影院 | 日韩经典一区 | 永久免费看A片无码播放器不卡 | 中文毛片 | 少妇老师寂寞高潮免费A片 少妇仑乱A毛片 | 色爽黄1000部免费软件下载 | 妺妺窝人体色WWW图片 | 青青青国产免费手机频在线观看 | 国产成人综合视频 | 久草青娱乐 | 亚洲精品无人一区二区 | 午夜福利视频10000在线观看 | 日本道免费精品一区二区 | 欧美性生交大片免费看A片 欧美性生交大片免费看A片免费 | 亚洲精品无码一区二区色戒 | 日本 一二三 不卡 免费 | 欧美又粗又大又爽又色A片 欧美又粗又黄又硬的A片 | 一本色道久久爱88AV俺也去 | 欧美亚洲春色系列 | 自拍视频在线观看亚洲福利 | 久久天天丁香婷婷中文字幕 | 在线观看国产久青草 | 日韩欧美一区二区无码免费 | 国产亚洲一区二区在线观看 | 蝌蚪网站免费观看 | 精品卡一卡二卡三国色天香 | 日韩欧美中国a v | 亚洲欧美精品 | 中国黄色毛片 | 亚洲国产精品久久久久秋霞影院 | 色一欲一性一乱一区二区三区 | 久久免费观看国产精品 | 乱人妻人伦中文字幕 | 亚洲成人免费电影 | 国产成人精品福利网站在线观看 | 99国内自产精华 | 欧洲中文字幕 | 日韩精品一区二区三区在线观看l | 三级黃色 | 五月天婷婷综合 | 久久88台湾三级香港三级 | 中年国产丰满熟女乱子正在播放 | 亚洲伦理在线 | 色情狠久久AV五月综合五月 | 色婷婷激情五月综合 | 啪啪毛片 | 日本视频免费看 | 免费在线成人网 | 日本亚洲精品无码区国产电影 | 亚洲2024无矿砖码砖区 | 国精产品一品二品国精在线观看 | 婷婷网五月天天综合天天爱 | 色情久久久AV熟女人妻网站 | 日本在线高清免费爱做网站 | 色婷婷色综合激情国产日韩 | 免费观看黄色a一级视频播放 | 在线免费影院 | 国产A国产国产片 | 国产偷人妻精品一区 | 色老汉电影 | 成人开心网 | 亚洲乱码一卡二卡四卡乱码新区 | 久久精品国产免费 | 奇米四色影院 | 国产精品久久人妻无码电影张丽 | 老司机午夜精品 | 伦理片网站 | 一本大道道香蕉a | 波野多结衣在线 | 人人干人人爽 | 精品无人区麻豆乱码1区2区新区 | 欧美韩日 | 国产自国产自愉自愉免费24区 | 日韩做A爰片久久毛片A片毛茸茸 | 亚洲一区二区免费看 | 久久视频在线视频观看99 | 高H公车全肉污文PLAYBL文 | 日本久久久久久久久久 | 乱人伦小说500篇目录 | 中文字幕热久久久久久久 | 97成人碰碰在线人妻少妇 | 久久夜色精品国产尤物 | 成人18在线视频播放 | 国产视频资源 | 好紧好湿太硬了我太爽了文字 | 全彩工口全肉无遮挡 | 精品在线播放视频 | 國產日韓亞洲精品AV | 制服丝袜 天堂 | 妞色网| 亚洲久久无码在线视频 | 日本三级很黄试看120秒 | 大片免费视频观看 | 激烈娇喘叫床声床震爽文 | 日本免费在线一区 | 全免费a级毛片免费看不卡 全免费a级毛片免费看 | 三妻四妾免费播放电视剧大全 | you jiz com亚洲 | 大片性播放器 | 人人看网| 日本国产网站 | 午夜影院a级片 | 成年免费观看黄页网站 | 日韩丝袜亚洲国产欧美一区 | 99热久久这里只有精品 | 老司国产高清免费视频 | 日韩亚洲欧美综合一区二区三区 | 99精品久久久久中文字幕 | 成年免费大片黄在线观看岛国 | 久久精品手机观看 | 日韩欧美一区二区三区免费观看 | 春雨电影大全免费观看在线播放 | 国产人妻人伦精品59HHH | 97国产精品人妻无码免费 | 久久久国产成人精品 | 久久国产情侣 | 亚洲成成品网站源码中国有限 | 古装一级毛片免费观看 | 美女写真福利视频网站 | 欧美亚洲啪啪 | 老少交玩TUBE | 一个人看的视频www在线观看免费 | 欧美 国产 日本 | v欧美精品v日本精品 | 国产精品久久久爽爽爽麻豆色哟哟 | 99视频精品免视看 | 在线国产电影 | 欧美亚洲三级 | 在线不卡日本v二区三 | 日韩高清在线中文字带字幕 | 日本成人高清视频 | 亚洲精品久久片久久久久 | 91欧美亚洲 | 色91视频| 99精品久久久久久 | 国产精品人人爽人人做 | 天天射天天干天天 | 丁香成人影院 | www.精品在线 | 波多野结衣医院被强在线 | 国产成年网站 | 一级二级毛片 | 成人国产精品免费网站 | 在线观看免费黄色小视频 | 国产成人www免费人成看片 | 快穿之被系统肉到哭H | 成人教育av | 欧美特黄一区二区三区 | 成人娱乐导航 | 亚洲国产精品免费观看 | 国产亚洲精品久久久久久久久动漫 | 女人18毛多水多A片视频 | 久久久久久午夜精品 | 国内精品七七久久影院 | 国产在线高清一级毛片 | 日本三日本三级香港三级 | 国产成人久久777777 | 91亚洲最新精品 | 国产精品久久久久毛片真精品 | 性久久久久久久久波多野结衣 | 中文字幕在线观看免费视频 | 女人高潮A片春色 | 久久草在线精品视频99 | 一女被多男灌满白浆受孕 | 花房姑娘免费观看8集电视剧高清 | 国产手机在线播放 | 黄网址在线观看 | 2024极品少妇XXXO露脸 | 日日摸天天碰中文字幕你懂的 | 一级无毛 | 老司机免费精品视频 | 中文人妻熟女波多野结衣 | 欧美成人大色情大片破碎的拥抱 | 国产麻豆视频免费观看 | 成人亚洲精品久久久久软件 | 天堂8在线天堂资源在线 | 日韩高清在线中文字带字幕 | 日韩手机视频 | 国产午夜高潮熟女精品AV | 国产ts在线视频 | 天天干视频网站 | 日韩精品在线视频观看 | 亚洲欧美午夜 | 伦理片在线线手机版韩国免费观看 | 少妇和黑人老外做爰 | 亚洲日本va | 欧美日韩久久久精品A片 | 果冻传媒在线 | 免费看黄的网站在线看 | 国产成人免费福利网站 | 国产乱码卡一卡2卡三卡四 国产乱码一卡二卡3卡4卡网站 | 免费看那种视频 | 亚洲黄色免费看 | 黄页在线免费观看 | 视频一区在线免费观看 | 精品无人区乱码1区2区3区免费 | 长篇肉戏香艳完本小说排行榜 | 九九九九视频 | 免费看国产成年无码A片 | 顶级少妇倣爱A片XXX | 国产又粗又猛又爽的视频A片 | 国产99久9在线视频传媒 | 日本一卡二卡三四卡在线观看免费视频 | 家庭教师波多野结衣 | 窝窝视频成人影院午夜在线 | 亚洲精品国产国语 | 玖玖在线| 高清在线免费观看完整版电影大全 | 狠狠色丁香婷婷综合最新地址 | 日本a√在线 | 老师洗澡让我吃她胸的视频 | 亚洲午夜精品久久久久久app | 国产三级精品三级 | 日韩精品免费一线在线观看 | 在线观看黄页 | 美女扒开尿口让男生添 | 特黄A又粗又大黄又爽A片 | 在线视频这里只有精品 | 91免费视频网 | 高h全肉图 | 亚洲国产日韩制服在线观看 | 精品成人资源在线观看 | 无套内谢少妇毛片A片小说色噜噜 | A片温柔的女保姆 | 在线播放91撕破艺校舞蹈系 | 午夜性做爰A片免费看 | 国产真实老熟女无套内射 | 宅男噜噜噜66国产在线观看 | 按摩做爰A片在线播放 | 久久精视频 | 一区二区无码精品AV | 最新激情网站 | 中文字幕一区二区三区在线观看 | 成人免费电影网站 | 99久久免费精品 | 91精品导航在线网址免费 | 好爽又高潮了毛片免费下载 | 欧美午夜色情高清苦月亮 | 最爽的亂倫A片中国国产 | 97久久综合九色综合 | 日日鲁鲁鲁夜夜爽爽狠狠视频97 | 成人午夜电影福利免费 | 国产精品20247人妻精品冫 | 一个人免费看的视频www | 91精品国产91久久久久久最新 | 免费 高清 日本社区 | 咪咪色影院 | 免费热播电视剧大全 | 99热在| 久久综合色悠悠 | 成人在线免费网站 | 美国一级大黄香蕉片 | 女人做爰高潮呻吟17分钟 | 天天操夜夜欢 | 久久综合色区 | 色婷婷色综合 | 国产黄色免费 | 色婷婷综合缴情综六月 | 亚洲精品高清国产一线久久97 | 好男人在线观看www社区官网 | 中文字幕乱码亚洲精品一区 | 日本少妇A片又爽又黄 | 麻豆出品视频在线 | 老熟女交换五十路交换A片视频 | 无码一区二区三区亚洲人妻 | 色yy频道| 欧美 在线 另类 春色 小说 | 999影院成人在线影院 | 五月欧美| 国产三级三级三级三级 | 欧美精品一区二区黄A片 | 一区二区三区精密机械公司 | 乱亲女H秽乱长久久久 | 美妇在家被强干小说 | 国产porn在线 | 嫩B人妻精品一区二区三区 嫩草AV久久伊人妇女 | 精品日韩在线视频 | 色视频网站在线观看 | 久久午夜免费鲁丝片 | 午夜丁香婷婷 | 思思玖玖玖在线精品视频 | (无码)中文在线 | 成年人网站在线观看免费 | 小莹的性荡生活45章最新章节 | 欧洲免费在线视频 | 天天综合视频网 | 黄色在线播放网站 | 国产午睡沙发系列大全 | 日本a级片免费 | 久草丁香 | 国产又粗又深又猛又爽又黄A片 | 另类色区 | 婷婷综合亚洲 | 成人免费黄网站 | 校园春色另类小说 | 免费一级毛片无毒不卡 | 天天摸夜夜添夜夜添A片小说 | 国产精品毛片AV在线看 | 父皇轻点插好疼H限 | 久久精品国产免费 | 中文字幕在线观看免费视频 | 国产亚洲精品久久久久久久 | 国产色情无码永久免费软件 | 国产精品恋恋影视 | 免费无遮挡无码H肉日本动漫 | 青青自拍视频一区二区三区 | 纯肉高H啪短文合集 | 日本黄页免费大片在线观看 | 综合区亚一洲线观看免费 | 色播在线永久免费视频网站 | bbb欧美口b | 综合五月婷婷 | 三级黄色片在线观看 | 日韩精品一区二区三区免费视频 | 欧美日韩亚洲成人 | 欧美影院入口 | 国产成人mv免费视频 | 大陆精品福利网址导航在线 | 黄色的视频网站在线观看 | 无码日本精品一区二区三 | 97夜夜澡人人爽人人模人人喊 | 国产一级视频在线观看网站 | 日韩专区在线播放 | 你好湿呀!小妖精快叫 | 99热网| 国产一国产看免费高清片 | 国产成人免费福利网站 | 亚欧色一区W666天堂 | 在线成人福利 | 40集电视剧全部免费 | 日产中文乱码字幕无线观看 | 国产二级一片内射视频插放 | 国产资源视频在线观看 | 波多中文字幕 | 日韩特级 | 亚洲综合在线播放 | 欧美日韩精品一区二区在线播放 | 亚洲精品一区二区成人 | 六月丁香伊人 | 亚洲精品综合久久 | www精品一区二区三区四区 | 强睡年轻的女老板2中文电影 | 抽插嗯好爽好舒服好大 | 亚洲精品久久无码午夜一区二区 | 日本视频高清免费观看 | 四色在线| 色欲一区二区三区精品A片 色欲综合视频天天天 | 色视频网站在线观看 | 男女毛片免费视频看 | 午夜视频在线观看网站 | 神马影院午夜伦理限级 | 国产成人禁片在线观看 | 人妻无码AV一区二区三区 | 欧美z000zxxxx| 天天躁日日躁狠狠很躁 | 成年人免费黄色 | 成人性生交A片免费观看 | 少妇高清性色生活片成人A片 | 成品大香煮伊在2024一区 | 日夜夜操 | 色综合视频一区二区 | 亚州色区 | 18成网站www在线观看 | 精品一区二区三区免费毛片 | 国产传媒精品1区2区3区 | 忘忧草社区WWW日本高清图片 | 中日韩精品卡一卡二卡3卡 中日文字字幕乱码视频 | 欧美变态杂交xxx | 深爱五月激情 | 亚洲欧美日韩v中文在线 | 国产欧美精品系列在线播放 | 天天做天天做天天综合网 | 欧美黄网站 | 在线电影网站免费 | 日韩三级免费 | 欧美性爱 五月 | 国产 亚洲 中文字幕 在线 | 亚州在线电影免费观看 | 另类专区av无码 | 国产高清精品国语特黄A片 国产寡妇性视频 | 不卡视频一区二区三区 |